From 2eda855551e39b7a23c6d8d4b6ecf7f3a7a81a98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Andr=C3=A9=20Padez?=
Date: Fri, 31 Jul 2026 15:12:57 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] persist the wallet's view of the chain
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
Opening a wallet meant waiting for a full gap-limit scan before any number appeared, and a
restart threw that work away. Worse, an unreachable Esplora rendered identically to an empty
wallet — as a zero balance — which is alarming for the one case where it is not true.
The backend now keeps a snapshot and serves it stale-while-revalidate: a snapshot inside the
TTL is served as-is, an older one is served immediately with a refresh started behind it, and
only a wallet that has genuinely never been read blocks on the network. wallet_chain_cache
holds one row per wallet so a refresh is a single atomic upsert.
The snapshot, not the endpoint, is the unit of caching. Balances, UTXOs and history were
three fetches over a shared scan, so the three queries a wallet screen fires on mount could
each observe a different moment; building them together costs the same requests and fixes
that incidentally.
Only the chain's own facts are stored. Addresses, scripts and pubkeys are re-derived from the
account xpub on load — cheaper than persisting them, and it means a restored snapshot cannot
disagree with the wallet's actual keys. Stored coordinates are validated rather than trusted,
and a snapshot at an unknown version is discarded, not migrated.
Two reads deliberately opt out. sendCoins takes a fresh snapshot because selecting coins from
a cached UTXO set builds a transaction spending outputs that may already be gone, and that
failure arrives as a broadcast rejection after signing. nextUnused does too, because handing
out an address whose stale record says "unused" is silent address reuse — a privacy leak the
owner cannot see or undo. Receive-address generation is therefore the one read that stops
working while the upstream is down, on purpose.
Failures are recorded alongside the last good snapshot rather than replacing it; wiping data
on failure would reproduce the exact bug this exists to fix. Every cache operation is
best-effort, so a database problem degrades to a slow load and can never fail a wallet
request. A sync block on balances, transactions and utxos carries the age to the UI, which
now distinguishes "empty" from "never read".
Verified against three live mainnet wallets: snapshots persisted and reloaded, and two
wallets kept their data and age through a real Esplora rate-limit failure while recording the
error separately.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5
---
src/databases/officer_db/src/index.ts | 13 +-
.../officer_db/src/queries/wallet.ts | 67 +++-
src/databases/officer_db/src/schema/wallet.ts | 72 +++++
.../sidecar/wallet/backends/onchain.ts | 298 +++++++++++++++---
src/servers/sidecar/wallet/resolve.ts | 24 +-
src/servers/sidecar/wallet/routes.ts | 21 +-
src/servers/sidecar/wallet/types.ts | 21 ++
.../officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/CoinsView.tsx | 13 +-
.../src/apps/Wallet/OverviewView.tsx | 8 +-
.../officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/SyncBadge.tsx | 78 +++++
.../src/apps/Wallet/TransactionsView.tsx | 31 +-
.../officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/shared.ts | 14 +
.../src/apps/Wallet/useWalletData.ts | 36 ++-
13 files changed, 626 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/SyncBadge.tsx
diff --git a/src/databases/officer_db/src/index.ts b/src/databases/officer_db/src/index.ts
index 035f4276..5f0d7148 100644
--- a/src/databases/officer_db/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/databases/officer_db/src/index.ts
@@ -165,8 +165,19 @@ export {
setWalletLabel,
getFrozenOutpoints,
setUtxoFrozen,
+ getWalletChainCache,
+ saveWalletChainCache,
+ recordWalletChainError,
} from './queries/wallet';
-export type { WalletKind, WalletSummary, WalletSecrets, WalletLabel, CreateWalletParams } from './queries/wallet';
+export type {
+ WalletKind,
+ WalletSummary,
+ WalletSecrets,
+ WalletLabel,
+ CreateWalletParams,
+ WalletChainCache,
+} from './queries/wallet';
+export type { WalletChainSnapshot } from './schema/wallet';
export { db } from './db';
export * as schema from './schema';
diff --git a/src/databases/officer_db/src/queries/wallet.ts b/src/databases/officer_db/src/queries/wallet.ts
index 9f3e1956..b5ae1139 100644
--- a/src/databases/officer_db/src/queries/wallet.ts
+++ b/src/databases/officer_db/src/queries/wallet.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+import type { WalletChainSnapshot } from '../schema/wallet';
import { eq, and, desc } from 'drizzle-orm';
import { db } from '../db';
-import { walletWallets, walletLabels, walletFrozenUtxos } from '../schema';
+import { walletWallets, walletLabels, walletFrozenUtxos, walletChainCache } from '../schema';
import { encryptSecret, decryptSecret } from '../crypto';
// Wallet access for the officer-wallet sidecar. Callers deal in PLAINTEXT — the VAULT_STORE_KEY layer is
@@ -228,7 +229,12 @@ export async function getWalletLabels(walletId: number): Promise
return rows.map((r) => ({ kind: r.kind as 'address' | 'tx', ref: r.ref, label: r.label }));
}
-export async function setWalletLabel(walletId: number, kind: 'address' | 'tx', ref: string, label: string): Promise {
+export async function setWalletLabel(
+ walletId: number,
+ kind: 'address' | 'tx',
+ ref: string,
+ label: string,
+): Promise {
// An empty label is a delete — the UI clears a field rather than pressing a separate button.
if (!label.trim()) {
await db
@@ -252,7 +258,12 @@ export async function getFrozenOutpoints(walletId: number): Promise {
return rows.map((r) => r.outpoint);
}
-export async function setUtxoFrozen(walletId: number, outpoint: string, frozen: boolean, reason?: string): Promise {
+export async function setUtxoFrozen(
+ walletId: number,
+ outpoint: string,
+ frozen: boolean,
+ reason?: string,
+): Promise {
if (!frozen) {
await db
.delete(walletFrozenUtxos)
@@ -264,3 +275,53 @@ export async function setUtxoFrozen(walletId: number, outpoint: string, frozen:
.values({ walletId, outpoint, reason: reason ?? null })
.onConflictDoNothing();
}
+
+// ── chain cache ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Unlike everything above, none of this is authoritative — see the comment on the table. These three
+// functions are deliberately total: a cache read or write must never be able to fail a wallet request,
+// so the sidecar treats every one of them as best-effort.
+
+export type WalletChainCache = {
+ snapshot: WalletChainSnapshot | null;
+ syncedAt: Date | null;
+ lastError: string | null;
+ lastErrorAt: Date | null;
+};
+
+export async function getWalletChainCache(walletId: number): Promise {
+ const [row] = await db
+ .select({
+ snapshot: walletChainCache.snapshot,
+ syncedAt: walletChainCache.syncedAt,
+ lastError: walletChainCache.lastError,
+ lastErrorAt: walletChainCache.lastErrorAt,
+ })
+ .from(walletChainCache)
+ .where(eq(walletChainCache.walletId, walletId));
+ return row ?? null;
+}
+
+/** A successful refresh. Clears the error columns — the upstream just answered, so nothing is wrong now. */
+export async function saveWalletChainCache(walletId: number, snapshot: WalletChainSnapshot): Promise {
+ const syncedAt = new Date();
+ await db
+ .insert(walletChainCache)
+ .values({ walletId, snapshot, syncedAt, lastError: null, lastErrorAt: null })
+ .onConflictDoUpdate({
+ target: walletChainCache.walletId,
+ set: { snapshot, syncedAt, lastError: null, lastErrorAt: null },
+ });
+}
+
+/** A failed refresh. Touches only the error columns, so the last good snapshot and its age survive. */
+export async function recordWalletChainError(walletId: number, message: string): Promise {
+ const lastErrorAt = new Date();
+ // Bounded because this is an upstream message verbatim, and an HTML error page from a misconfigured
+ // proxy would otherwise land whole in the column.
+ const lastError = message.slice(0, 500);
+ await db
+ .insert(walletChainCache)
+ .values({ walletId, snapshot: null, syncedAt: null, lastError, lastErrorAt })
+ .onConflictDoUpdate({ target: walletChainCache.walletId, set: { lastError, lastErrorAt } });
+}
diff --git a/src/databases/officer_db/src/schema/wallet.ts b/src/databases/officer_db/src/schema/wallet.ts
index a756fac8..d2346744 100644
--- a/src/databases/officer_db/src/schema/wallet.ts
+++ b/src/databases/officer_db/src/schema/wallet.ts
@@ -86,6 +86,10 @@ export const walletLabels = pgTable(
// Frozen UTXOs, excluded from automatic coin selection. Separate from labels because this one affects
// what the wallet will actually spend — losing a label is cosmetic, losing a freeze spends a coin the
// owner meant to keep back.
+//
+// NOTE the contrast with wallet_chain_cache below: this table is POLICY (the owner's decision, only
+// they can restate it) and that one is OBSERVATION (the chain's, refetchable at any time). That is why
+// only one of them can be safely truncated.
export const walletFrozenUtxos = pgTable(
'wallet_frozen_utxos',
{
@@ -100,3 +104,71 @@ export const walletFrozenUtxos = pgTable(
},
(t) => [unique('uq_wallet_frozen_utxos_wallet_outpoint').on(t.walletId, t.outpoint)],
);
+
+/**
+ * The last thing the chain told us about an on-chain wallet, so a wallet screen paints real numbers
+ * immediately instead of nothing while a gap-limit scan runs.
+ *
+ * Every field is DERIVED and rebuildable — it is recomputed from the account xpubs above on each
+ * successful refresh, so this table holds no secret and nothing authoritative. Truncating it costs one
+ * slow load and nothing else.
+ *
+ * Only the chain's own facts are stored. Addresses, scripts and pubkeys are NOT: they are pure EC
+ * derivation from the xpub, cheaper to recompute on load than to persist, and re-deriving them means a
+ * restored snapshot can never disagree with the wallet's actual keys.
+ */
+export type WalletChainSnapshot = {
+ /** Bumped when the shape below changes; a snapshot at any other version is discarded, not migrated. */
+ v: 1;
+ tipHeight: number;
+ /** One entry per address the scan visited, keyed by its derivation coordinates. */
+ addresses: {
+ /** AddressType: 'p2wpkh' | 'p2tr' | 'p2sh-p2wpkh' | 'p2pkh'. */
+ type: string;
+ /** BIP44 chain index: 0 receive, 1 change. */
+ chain: number;
+ index: number;
+ confirmed: number;
+ unconfirmed: number;
+ txCount: number;
+ }[];
+ utxos: {
+ txid: string;
+ vout: number;
+ value: number;
+ type: string;
+ chain: number;
+ index: number;
+ /** Null while unconfirmed. Confirmations are recomputed against tipHeight, never stored. */
+ blockHeight: number | null;
+ }[];
+ /** The OnchainTx shape from servers/sidecar/wallet/types.ts, restated here so this package imports nothing. */
+ transactions: {
+ txid: string;
+ amount: number;
+ feeSats: number | null;
+ blockHeight: number | null;
+ timestamp: number | null;
+ confirmations: number;
+ label: string | null;
+ destAddresses: string[];
+ rawHex: string | null;
+ }[];
+};
+
+export const walletChainCache = pgTable('wallet_chain_cache', {
+ // One row per wallet, so a refresh is a single atomic upsert with no partially-written window.
+ walletId: integer('wallet_id')
+ .primaryKey()
+ .references(() => walletWallets.id, { onDelete: 'cascade' }),
+ // Nullable: a wallet whose very first refresh failed has an error to report and no data to report it
+ // against, and that row still has to exist for the UI to say why the screen is empty.
+ snapshot: jsonb('snapshot').$type(),
+ /** When the chain was last read successfully — the age the UI shows. Not when the row was written. */
+ syncedAt: timestamp('synced_at', { withTimezone: true }),
+ // Kept ALONGSIDE the last good snapshot rather than replacing it. A failure that wiped the data would
+ // reproduce the exact bug this table exists to fix: an unreachable upstream rendering as a zero balance
+ // instead of as a stale one.
+ lastError: text('last_error'),
+ lastErrorAt: timestamp('last_error_at', { withTimezone: true }),
+});
diff --git a/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/backends/onchain.ts b/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/backends/onchain.ts
index eaa6b5bf..ab481925 100644
--- a/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/backends/onchain.ts
+++ b/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/backends/onchain.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
// There is no lightning here at all: the capability set omits every lightning flag, so invoices,
// payments, channels and peers all fall through to BaseBackend's 501.
+import type { WalletChainSnapshot } from 'officerdb';
import { HDKey } from '@scure/bip32';
import * as bitcoin from 'bitcoinjs-lib';
import { toXOnly } from 'bitcoinjs-lib/src/psbt/bip371';
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ import {
type SendCoinsRequest,
type SendCoinsResult,
type SignMessageResult,
+ type SyncState,
type Utxo,
type VerifyMessageResult,
} from '../types';
@@ -71,6 +73,22 @@ export interface WalletSigner {
withRoot(fn: (root: HDKey) => T): T;
}
+// ── the persistence boundary ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Durable storage for the last snapshot this backend read off the chain. Injected the same way the
+ * signer is, and for the same reason: this file stays a pure wallet with no idea which database it is
+ * attached to, or that it has a wallet id at all. resolve.ts binds the real implementation.
+ *
+ * Every method is best-effort by contract. A cache that is unreachable, corrupt or empty must degrade
+ * to today's behaviour — a slow first load — and must never fail a wallet request.
+ */
+export interface ChainCacheStore {
+ load(): Promise<{ snapshot: WalletChainSnapshot | null; syncedAt: Date | null; lastError: string | null } | null>;
+ save(snapshot: WalletChainSnapshot): Promise;
+ recordError(message: string): Promise;
+}
+
// ── extended key parsing ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
/**
@@ -143,12 +161,24 @@ type ScannedAddress = AddressEntry & {
used: boolean;
};
-type WalletScan = {
+/**
+ * One coherent read of the chain: the address scan and everything derived from it, taken together.
+ *
+ * Balances, UTXOs and history used to be fetched by three separate endpoints on top of a shared scan,
+ * which meant the three queries a wallet screen fires on mount could each observe a different moment.
+ * Building them as one snapshot costs the same requests — collectUtxos only asks about funded addresses
+ * and collectTxs only about touched ones — and makes the whole thing a single unit to cache, serve stale
+ * and persist.
+ */
+type Snapshot = {
+ /** Unix ms the chain was read. Survives a restart: a restored snapshot carries its original time. */
at: number;
tipHeight: number;
addresses: ScannedAddress[];
- /** scriptPubKey hex → the entry that owns it. Used to score transactions as ours. */
+ /** scriptPubKey hex → the entry that owns it. Used to score transactions as ours. Never persisted. */
byScript: Map;
+ utxos: SpendableUtxo[];
+ txs: OnchainTx[];
};
// ── tuning ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -156,10 +186,12 @@ type WalletScan = {
/** BIP44's standard gap limit: 20 consecutive unused addresses ends the scan for a chain. */
const GAP_LIMIT = 20;
-/** How long a discovery scan stays fresh. Short enough to feel live, long enough that a dashboard
- * polling getInfo/getBalances/getTransactions together costs one scan rather than three. */
+/** How long a snapshot is served without kicking off a refresh behind it. */
const SCAN_TTL_MS = 30_000;
+/** Cap on the persisted history. A wallet with years of activity should not grow an unbounded jsonb blob. */
+const MAX_CACHED_TXS = 500;
+
/** Parallel Esplora requests. Public instances rate-limit, so this stays modest. */
const REQUEST_CONCURRENCY = 6;
@@ -179,6 +211,8 @@ export type OnchainBackendOptions = {
*/
accountXpub: string | Partial>;
signer: WalletSigner;
+ /** Omit for a backend that should hold its chain view in memory only — tests do. */
+ cache?: ChainCacheStore;
};
export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
@@ -208,8 +242,13 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
* which is correct as soon as an issued address has actually been paid. */
private readonly issued = new Map();
- private scanCache: WalletScan | null = null;
- private scanInflight: Promise | null = null;
+ private readonly cache: ChainCacheStore | null;
+
+ private current: Snapshot | null = null;
+ private inflight: Promise | null = null;
+ /** Memoised so concurrent first reads do one cache load between them, not one each. */
+ private hydration: Promise | null = null;
+ private lastError: string | null = null;
constructor(opts: OnchainBackendOptions) {
super();
@@ -218,6 +257,7 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
this.network = opts.network;
this.btcNetwork = networkFor(opts.network);
this.signer = opts.signer;
+ this.cache = opts.cache ?? null;
const coin = coinTypeFor(opts.network);
const raw = typeof opts.accountXpub === 'string' ? { p2wpkh: opts.accountXpub } : opts.accountXpub;
@@ -286,39 +326,169 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
return entry;
}
- // ── discovery scan ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ // ── the snapshot: cache, refresh, persist ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+ getSyncState(): SyncState {
+ return {
+ syncedAt: this.current?.at ?? null,
+ stale: this.current !== null && Date.now() - this.current.at >= SCAN_TTL_MS,
+ lastError: this.lastError,
+ };
+ }
/**
- * Gap-limit scan of every configured account across both chains, memoised for SCAN_TTL_MS. Concurrent
- * callers share one in-flight scan rather than each starting their own — without that, the three
- * queries a wallet screen fires on mount would triple the request count against Esplora.
+ * The wallet's view of the chain, stale-while-revalidate.
+ *
+ * A snapshot within SCAN_TTL_MS is served as-is. An older one is served IMMEDIATELY with a refresh
+ * started behind it — that is the property the persistence exists for: after a restart, or while the
+ * Esplora upstream is slow or unreachable, the screen shows the last real numbers with their age
+ * rather than a blank wallet. Only a wallet that has genuinely never been read blocks on the network,
+ * and only that case can surface an error to the caller.
+ *
+ * `fresh` opts out for the two paths where stale data would be wrong rather than merely old.
*/
- private async scan(): Promise {
- const fresh = this.scanCache;
- if (fresh && Date.now() - fresh.at < SCAN_TTL_MS) return fresh;
- if (this.scanInflight) return this.scanInflight;
+ private async snapshot(opts?: { fresh?: boolean }): Promise {
+ if (opts?.fresh) return this.refresh();
- const run = this.runScan().then(
- (result) => {
- this.scanCache = result;
- this.scanInflight = null;
- return result;
+ await this.hydrate();
+
+ const have = this.current;
+ if (have && Date.now() - have.at < SCAN_TTL_MS) return have;
+
+ const running = this.refresh();
+ if (!have) return running;
+
+ // The refresh outlives this response. Its failure is recorded on `lastError` and reported through
+ // getSyncState, so it is handled here only to keep it from surfacing as an unhandled rejection.
+ void running.catch(() => {});
+ return have;
+ }
+
+ /** Load the persisted snapshot into memory. Runs at most once, and never throws. */
+ private hydrate(): Promise {
+ this.hydration ??= (async () => {
+ const store = this.cache;
+ if (!store || this.current) return;
+ try {
+ const row = await store.load();
+ if (!row) return;
+ this.lastError = row.lastError;
+ // A refresh may have completed while this load was in flight; live data always wins. A snapshot
+ // written by an older shape is ignored, not migrated — it is a cache, and the next refresh
+ // replaces it for free.
+ if (row.snapshot?.v === 1 && row.syncedAt && !this.current) {
+ this.current = this.fromPersisted(row.snapshot, row.syncedAt.getTime());
+ }
+ } catch (err) {
+ // A cache failure costs a slow load, nothing more. It must not become a wallet failure.
+ console.error('[wallet] chain cache load failed:', err instanceof Error ? err.message : err);
+ }
+ })();
+ return this.hydration;
+ }
+
+ /** Read the chain. Concurrent callers share one walk rather than each starting their own. */
+ private refresh(): Promise {
+ this.inflight ??= this.buildSnapshot().then(
+ (snap) => {
+ this.inflight = null;
+ this.current = snap;
+ this.lastError = null;
+ void this.persist(snap);
+ return snap;
},
(err: unknown) => {
- this.scanInflight = null;
+ this.inflight = null;
+ const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+ this.lastError = message;
+ void this.cache?.recordError(message).catch((e: unknown) => {
+ console.error('[wallet] chain cache error write failed:', e instanceof Error ? e.message : e);
+ });
throw err;
},
);
- this.scanInflight = run;
- return run;
+ return this.inflight;
}
- /** Drop the cache after a send, so the spent coins disappear from the next read immediately. */
+ private async persist(snap: Snapshot): Promise {
+ if (!this.cache) return;
+ try {
+ await this.cache.save(toPersisted(snap));
+ } catch (err) {
+ console.error('[wallet] chain cache write failed:', err instanceof Error ? err.message : err);
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Rebuild a snapshot from what was stored. Only the chain's own facts were persisted; every address,
+ * script and pubkey is re-derived here from the account xpub, so a restored snapshot cannot disagree
+ * with the wallet's actual keys. An entry naming a script type this wallet no longer has an xpub for
+ * is dropped rather than faked.
+ */
+ private fromPersisted(stored: WalletChainSnapshot, at: number): Snapshot {
+ const addresses: ScannedAddress[] = [];
+ for (const a of stored.addresses) {
+ const entry = this.tryDerive(a.type, a.chain, a.index);
+ if (!entry) continue;
+ addresses.push({
+ ...entry,
+ confirmedSats: a.confirmed,
+ unconfirmedSats: a.unconfirmed,
+ txCount: a.txCount,
+ used: a.txCount > 0,
+ });
+ }
+
+ const utxos: SpendableUtxo[] = [];
+ for (const u of stored.utxos) {
+ const entry = this.tryDerive(u.type, u.chain, u.index);
+ if (!entry) continue;
+ utxos.push({
+ txid: u.txid,
+ vout: u.vout,
+ amountSats: u.value,
+ address: entry.address,
+ addressType: entry.type,
+ confirmations: u.blockHeight === null ? 0 : Math.max(0, stored.tipHeight - u.blockHeight + 1),
+ derivationPath: entry.path,
+ frozen: false,
+ scriptPubKeyHex: entry.scriptPubKeyHex,
+ pubkeyHex: entry.pubkeyHex,
+ });
+ }
+
+ const byScript = new Map();
+ for (const entry of addresses) byScript.set(entry.scriptPubKeyHex, entry);
+
+ return { at, tipHeight: stored.tipHeight, addresses, byScript, utxos, txs: stored.transactions };
+ }
+
+ /** Derive from untrusted stored coordinates — returns null rather than throwing on anything unusable. */
+ private tryDerive(type: string, chain: number, index: number): AddressEntry | null {
+ if (!isAddressType(type) || (chain !== 0 && chain !== 1)) return null;
+ if (!Number.isInteger(index) || index < 0 || index >= MAX_SCAN_INDEX) return null;
+ if (!this.accounts.has(type)) return null;
+ try {
+ return this.derive(type, chain, index);
+ } catch {
+ return null;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /** One full read of the chain: scan, then everything derived from it, all at the same moment. */
+ private async buildSnapshot(): Promise {
+ const scan = await this.runScan();
+ // Both fan out over the scanned address set and neither depends on the other, so they overlap.
+ const [utxos, txs] = await Promise.all([this.collectUtxos(scan), this.collectTxs(scan)]);
+ return { ...scan, utxos, txs };
+ }
+
+ /** Drop everything after a send, so the spent coins cannot reappear from cache on the next read. */
private invalidateScan(): void {
- this.scanCache = null;
+ this.current = null;
}
- private async runScan(): Promise {
+ private async runScan(): Promise> {
const tipHeight = await this.chain.getTipHeight();
const addresses: ScannedAddress[] = [];
@@ -394,10 +564,10 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
}
override async getBalances(): Promise {
- const scan = await this.scan();
+ const snap = await this.snapshot();
let confirmed = 0;
let unconfirmed = 0;
- for (const entry of scan.addresses) {
+ for (const entry of snap.addresses) {
confirmed += entry.confirmedSats;
unconfirmed += entry.unconfirmedSats;
}
@@ -415,9 +585,8 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
}
override async getUtxos(): Promise {
- const scan = await this.scan();
- const utxos = await this.collectUtxos(scan);
- return utxos.map((u) => ({
+ const snap = await this.snapshot();
+ return snap.utxos.map((u) => ({
txid: u.txid,
vout: u.vout,
amountSats: u.amountSats,
@@ -440,10 +609,12 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
}
override async getTransactions(opts?: { limit?: number }): Promise {
- const scan = await this.scan();
- const limit = opts?.limit ?? DEFAULT_TX_LIMIT;
+ const snap = await this.snapshot();
+ return snap.txs.slice(0, opts?.limit ?? DEFAULT_TX_LIMIT);
+ }
- // Only addresses that have ever been touched can appear in history.
+ /** History for every address the scan found had been touched. Only those can appear in it. */
+ private async collectTxs(scan: Omit): Promise {
const touched = scan.addresses.filter((a) => a.used);
const pages = await mapLimit(touched, REQUEST_CONCURRENCY, (a) => this.chain.getAddressTxs(a.address));
@@ -460,11 +631,11 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
if (ah !== bh) return bh - ah;
return (b.timestamp ?? 0) - (a.timestamp ?? 0);
});
- return txs.slice(0, limit);
+ return txs.slice(0, MAX_CACHED_TXS);
}
/** Score one Esplora transaction against the wallet's own scripts. */
- private toOnchainTx(tx: EsploraTx, scan: WalletScan): OnchainTx {
+ private toOnchainTx(tx: EsploraTx, scan: Omit): OnchainTx {
let credit = 0;
let debit = 0;
const ours: string[] = [];
@@ -518,11 +689,12 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
const recipientScript = outputScriptFor(req.address, this.btcNetwork);
const recipientType = scriptType(recipientScript);
- const scan = await this.scan();
- const spendable = await this.collectUtxos(scan);
+ // Never stale. Selecting coins from a cached UTXO set would build a transaction spending outputs
+ // that may already be gone, and the failure would arrive as a broadcast rejection after signing.
+ const snap = await this.snapshot({ fresh: true });
const selection = selectCoins({
- utxos: spendable,
+ utxos: snap.utxos,
targetSats: req.amountSats ?? 0,
sendAll: req.sendAll === true,
satPerVbyte: req.satPerVbyte,
@@ -621,7 +793,7 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
// ── shared internals ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
/** Fetch UTXOs for every scanned address that still holds a balance. */
- private async collectUtxos(scan: WalletScan): Promise {
+ private async collectUtxos(scan: Omit): Promise {
// An address whose funded and spent counts match holds nothing; asking Esplora about it is a
// wasted round trip, and on a wallet with long history that is most of the address set.
const funded = scan.addresses.filter((a) => a.confirmedSats + a.unconfirmedSats > 0);
@@ -652,13 +824,17 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
* different address even before the current one is paid.
*/
private async nextUnused(type: AddressType, chain: ChainIndex, peek: boolean): Promise {
- const scan = await this.scan();
+ // Deliberately never served from cache. Handing out an address whose stale record says "unused" but
+ // which has been paid since is silent address reuse — a privacy leak the owner cannot see and cannot
+ // undo. Failing loudly while the upstream is down is the better of the two, so this is the one read
+ // that stops working offline, and on purpose.
+ const snap = await this.snapshot({ fresh: true });
const key = `${type}:${chain}`;
const hint = this.issued.get(key) ?? 0;
const used = new Set();
let highest = -1;
- for (const entry of scan.addresses) {
+ for (const entry of snap.addresses) {
if (entry.type !== type || entry.chain !== chain) continue;
highest = Math.max(highest, entry.index);
if (entry.used) used.add(entry.index);
@@ -675,6 +851,46 @@ export class OnchainBackend extends BaseBackend {
// ── helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+function isAddressType(value: string): value is AddressType {
+ return value === 'p2wpkh' || value === 'p2tr' || value === 'p2sh-p2wpkh' || value === 'p2pkh';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reduce a snapshot to the chain facts worth storing. Addresses, scripts and pubkeys are dropped: they
+ * are pure derivation from the account xpub, so re-deriving them on load is both cheaper than storing
+ * them and the only way a restored snapshot is guaranteed to match the wallet's real keys.
+ */
+function toPersisted(snap: Snapshot): WalletChainSnapshot {
+ return {
+ v: 1,
+ tipHeight: snap.tipHeight,
+ addresses: snap.addresses.map((a) => ({
+ type: a.type,
+ chain: a.chain,
+ index: a.index,
+ confirmed: a.confirmedSats,
+ unconfirmed: a.unconfirmedSats,
+ txCount: a.txCount,
+ })),
+ utxos: snap.utxos.map((u) => {
+ // The last two path elements are the BIP44 chain and address index — the same tail getUtxos
+ // reports as the relative path.
+ const tail = u.derivationPath.split('/');
+ return {
+ txid: u.txid,
+ vout: u.vout,
+ value: u.amountSats,
+ type: u.addressType,
+ chain: Number(tail.at(-2)),
+ index: Number(tail.at(-1)),
+ // Stored as a height, not a count, so confirmations stay correct as the tip moves on.
+ blockHeight: u.confirmations > 0 ? snap.tipHeight - u.confirmations + 1 : null,
+ };
+ }),
+ transactions: snap.txs,
+ };
+}
+
function toScannedAddress(entry: AddressEntry, stat: EsploraAddress): ScannedAddress {
const chainBalance = stat.chain_stats.funded_txo_sum - stat.chain_stats.spent_txo_sum;
// The mempool delta is signed: an unconfirmed spend of a confirmed coin reads negative here, which is
diff --git a/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/resolve.ts b/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/resolve.ts
index be7752d5..1b5fa4e3 100644
--- a/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/resolve.ts
+++ b/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/resolve.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
-import { getWallet, getWalletSecrets, type WalletSummary } from 'officerdb';
+import type { ChainCacheStore } from './backends/onchain';
+import {
+ getWallet,
+ getWalletSecrets,
+ getWalletChainCache,
+ saveWalletChainCache,
+ recordWalletChainError,
+ type WalletSummary,
+} from 'officerdb';
import { EsploraChain } from './chain';
import { LndBackend } from './backends/lnd';
import { ClnRestBackend } from './backends/clnrest';
@@ -52,6 +60,19 @@ export async function resolveBackend(userId: number, walletId: number): Promise<
return { wallet, backend };
}
+/**
+ * Binds the chain cache queries to one wallet id. This is the only thing that gives the on-chain
+ * backend a persistent identity — the backend itself never learns which wallet it is, exactly as it
+ * never learns which seed it derives from.
+ */
+function chainCacheFor(walletId: number): ChainCacheStore {
+ return {
+ load: () => getWalletChainCache(walletId),
+ save: (snapshot) => saveWalletChainCache(walletId, snapshot),
+ recordError: (message) => recordWalletChainError(walletId, message),
+ };
+}
+
function required(config: Record | null, key: string, kind: string): string {
const v = config?.[key];
if (typeof v !== 'string' || !v) {
@@ -110,6 +131,7 @@ function build(wallet: WalletSummary, config: Record | null): W
// The session is the signer. While locked it holds no key material, so watch-only reads below
// still work and only sendCoins/signMessage will throw WalletLockedError.
signer: sessionFor(wallet.id),
+ cache: chainCacheFor(wallet.id),
});
}
diff --git a/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/routes.ts b/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/routes.ts
index 1e0396f8..dc947dfd 100644
--- a/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/routes.ts
+++ b/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/routes.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import {
BIP_ADDRESS_TYPE,
type BitcoinNetwork,
type Capability,
+ type SyncState,
type Utxo,
type WalletBackend,
} from './types';
@@ -68,6 +69,17 @@ async function body(req: Request): Promise {
}
}
+/**
+ * Freshness of the data a read just returned, or null from a backend that has no cache to be stale.
+ * Attached to balances, transactions and utxos so the UI can distinguish an empty wallet from one it
+ * could not reach — those rendered identically before, as a zero balance.
+ *
+ * Must be read AFTER the response it describes: it reports the snapshot that was actually served.
+ */
+function syncOf(backend: WalletBackend): SyncState | null {
+ return backend.getSyncState?.() ?? null;
+}
+
/** Guard a capability before dispatching, so callers get 501 rather than a confusing upstream error. */
function requireCap(backend: WalletBackend, cap: Capability, op: string): void {
if (!backend.supports(cap)) {
@@ -219,7 +231,7 @@ async function handleWallets(ctx: OfficerContext, seg: string[]): Promise l.kind === 'tx').map((l) => [l.ref, l.label]));
- return json({ transactions: txs.map((t) => ({ ...t, label: byRef.get(t.txid) ?? t.label })) });
+ return json({
+ transactions: txs.map((t) => ({ ...t, label: byRef.get(t.txid) ?? t.label })),
+ sync: syncOf(backend),
+ });
}
case 'address': {
@@ -507,7 +522,7 @@ async function utxosRoute(
frozen: frozen.has(`${u.txid}:${u.vout}`),
label: byAddr.get(u.address) ?? null,
}));
- return json({ utxos: merged });
+ return json({ utxos: merged, sync: syncOf(backend) });
}
// ── invoices ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
diff --git a/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/types.ts b/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/types.ts
index 053aa396..6fb487ce 100644
--- a/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/types.ts
+++ b/src/servers/sidecar/wallet/types.ts
@@ -291,8 +291,29 @@ export interface WalletBackend {
signMessage(message: string): Promise;
verifyMessage(message: string, signature: string): Promise;
+
+ /**
+ * How old the data this backend just served is. Optional because it is only meaningful for a backend
+ * that caches — a node backend answers from its own live state, and reporting a sync age for it would
+ * be inventing one.
+ */
+ getSyncState?(): SyncState;
}
+/**
+ * Freshness of a cached view of the chain, so the UI can say "3 minutes ago" and, more importantly, tell
+ * "this wallet is empty" apart from "we could not ask". Those two rendered identically before this
+ * existed, which is the whole reason it does.
+ */
+export type SyncState = {
+ /** Unix ms of the last successful chain read. Null when the chain has never been read successfully. */
+ syncedAt: number | null;
+ /** The served data is past its refresh interval; a refresh is already running behind this response. */
+ stale: boolean;
+ /** The last refresh failure, still reported while the previous good data is being served. */
+ lastError: string | null;
+};
+
// ── errors ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
export class BackendError extends Error {
diff --git a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/CoinsView.tsx b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/CoinsView.tsx
index 0136b568..37122bf2 100644
--- a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/CoinsView.tsx
+++ b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/CoinsView.tsx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { formatConfirmations, truncateMiddle } from './format';
import { walletSectionPath } from './shared';
import { Amount } from './Amount';
import { EmptyWallet, UnsupportedSection } from './EmptyWallet';
+import { SyncBadge } from './SyncBadge';
import { useSelectedWallet } from './useSelectedWallet';
import { useCoinSelection } from './useCoinSelection';
import { useCapabilities, useUtxos, useWalletOperations } from './useWalletData';
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ export const CoinsView = () => {
const { capabilities } = useCapabilities(walletId);
const supported = capabilities.includes('coinControl');
- const { utxos, isLoading: utxosLoading } = useUtxos(walletId, supported);
+ const { utxos, sync, isLoading: utxosLoading } = useUtxos(walletId, supported);
const { selected, toggle, clear } = useCoinSelection();
if (!walletId) return ;
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ export const CoinsView = () => {
{utxos.length} coin{utxos.length === 1 ? '' : 's'} · spendable
+
{selected.length > 0 && (
<>
@@ -63,8 +65,13 @@ export const CoinsView = () => {
) : utxos.length === 0 ? (
-
No coins
-
Receive something and it will show up here as a UTXO.
+ {/* "No coins" is only true if the chain was actually read. Never-synced is a different fact. */}
+
{sync && sync.syncedAt === null ? 'Coins unavailable' : 'No coins'}
+
+ {sync && sync.syncedAt === null
+ ? (sync.lastError ?? 'The chain source could not be reached.')
+ : 'Receive something and it will show up here as a UTXO.'}
+
) : (
diff --git a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/OverviewView.tsx b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/OverviewView.tsx
index 03584577..41c854f2 100644
--- a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/OverviewView.tsx
+++ b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/OverviewView.tsx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { KIND_LABELS, walletSectionPath } from './shared';
import { formatSats, formatTimestamp, truncateMiddle } from './format';
import { Amount, UnitToggle } from './Amount';
import { EmptyWallet } from './EmptyWallet';
+import { SyncBadge } from './SyncBadge';
import { useSelectedWallet } from './useSelectedWallet';
import { useBalances, useCapabilities, useTransactions, useWalletInfo } from './useWalletData';
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ import { useBalances, useCapabilities, useTransactions, useWalletInfo } from './
export const OverviewView = () => {
const { wallet, walletId, isLoading } = useSelectedWallet();
const { capabilities } = useCapabilities(walletId);
- const { balances, isLoading: balancesLoading } = useBalances(walletId);
+ const { balances, sync, isLoading: balancesLoading } = useBalances(walletId);
const { info } = useWalletInfo(walletId);
const { transactions } = useTransactions(walletId, 5);
@@ -37,7 +38,10 @@ export const OverviewView = () => {
{info?.version && ` · ${info.version}`}
-
+
+
+
+
{balancesLoading && !balances ? (
diff --git a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/SyncBadge.tsx b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/SyncBadge.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..915cbb4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/SyncBadge.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import type { SyncState } from './shared';
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { AlertTriangle, Check, RefreshCw } from 'lucide-react';
+
+// How old the numbers on screen are.
+//
+// This exists because "empty wallet" and "we could not reach the chain" used to render identically — as a
+// zero balance — and the second one is alarming while the first is not. The sidecar now serves the last
+// snapshot it managed to read and refreshes behind the response, so the number is almost always real; what
+// the owner needs is its age, and a plain statement when the upstream is failing.
+//
+// Nothing here is a control. Refreshing is the data layer's job and it is already happening.
+
+/** Re-render on a timer so "2 minutes ago" does not sit frozen on an idle screen. */
+const TICK_MS = 15_000;
+
+function relativeAge(syncedAt: number, now: number): string {
+ const seconds = Math.max(0, Math.round((now - syncedAt) / 1000));
+ if (seconds < 45) return 'just now';
+ const minutes = Math.round(seconds / 60);
+ if (minutes < 60) return `${minutes}m ago`;
+ const hours = Math.round(minutes / 60);
+ if (hours < 24) return `${hours}h ago`;
+ return `${Math.round(hours / 24)}d ago`;
+}
+
+type SyncBadgeProps = { sync: SyncState | null; className?: string };
+
+export const SyncBadge = ({ sync, className }: SyncBadgeProps) => {
+ const [now, setNow] = useState(() => Date.now());
+
+ useEffect(() => {
+ const timer = setInterval(() => setNow(Date.now()), TICK_MS);
+ return () => clearInterval(timer);
+ }, []);
+
+ // Null from a node backend, which reads live and has no age to report. Rendering "just now" for it
+ // would be inventing a fact.
+ if (!sync) return null;
+
+ const failing = sync.lastError !== null;
+
+ // Never read successfully AND failing: the only case where the numbers beside this are not real. Say so
+ // loudly, because a zero here means "unknown", not "empty".
+ if (sync.syncedAt === null) {
+ if (!failing) return null;
+ return (
+
+
+ Could not reach the chain
+
+ );
+ }
+
+ const age = relativeAge(sync.syncedAt, now);
+
+ if (failing) {
+ return (
+
+
+ {age} · chain unreachable
+
+ );
+ }
+
+ return (
+
+ {sync.stale ? : }
+ {sync.stale ? `${age} · refreshing` : age}
+
+ );
+};
diff --git a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/TransactionsView.tsx b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/TransactionsView.tsx
index bd1422bd..25a0358c 100644
--- a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/TransactionsView.tsx
+++ b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/TransactionsView.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { ArrowDownLeft, ArrowUpRight, Loader2 } from 'lucide-react';
import { formatConfirmations, formatSats, formatTimestamp, truncateMiddle } from './format';
import { Amount } from './Amount';
import { EmptyWallet } from './EmptyWallet';
+import { SyncBadge } from './SyncBadge';
import { useSelectedWallet } from './useSelectedWallet';
import { useTransactions } from './useWalletData';
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ import { useTransactions } from './useWalletData';
export const TransactionsView = () => {
const { walletId, isLoading } = useSelectedWallet();
- const { transactions, isLoading: txLoading } = useTransactions(walletId);
+ const { transactions, sync, isLoading: txLoading } = useTransactions(walletId);
if (!walletId) return ;
@@ -24,21 +25,33 @@ export const TransactionsView = () => {
}
if (transactions.length === 0) {
+ // An empty list means "no transactions" only if we actually managed to look. When the chain has never
+ // been read, the same screen would otherwise assert a fact nobody established.
+ const neverRead = sync !== null && sync.syncedAt === null;
return (
-
Nothing here yet
-
Transactions appear as soon as they hit the mempool.
+
{neverRead ? 'History unavailable' : 'Nothing here yet'}
+
+ {neverRead
+ ? (sync.lastError ?? 'The chain source could not be reached.')
+ : 'Transactions appear as soon as they hit the mempool.'}
+
);
}
return (
-
-
- {transactions.map((tx) => (
-
- ))}
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ {transactions.map((tx) => (
+
+ ))}
+
+
);
};
diff --git a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/shared.ts b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/shared.ts
index a3f855a4..98e0060a 100644
--- a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/shared.ts
+++ b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/shared.ts
@@ -112,6 +112,20 @@ export type Balances = {
lightningInbound: number | null;
};
+/**
+ * How old the numbers alongside this are, from a backend that caches its view of the chain. Null from a
+ * node backend, which answers from its own live state and has no age to report.
+ *
+ * `syncedAt: null` with a `lastError` is the case worth rendering carefully: the wallet has never been
+ * read successfully, so a zero balance means "unknown", not "empty".
+ */
+export type SyncState = {
+ /** Unix ms of the last successful chain read. */
+ syncedAt: number | null;
+ stale: boolean;
+ lastError: string | null;
+};
+
export type AddressType = 'p2wpkh' | 'p2tr' | 'p2sh-p2wpkh' | 'p2pkh';
export type OnchainTx = {
diff --git a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/useWalletData.ts b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/useWalletData.ts
index b5a126cc..42cf3b26 100644
--- a/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/useWalletData.ts
+++ b/src/workspaces/officerdev/src/apps/Wallet/useWalletData.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import type {
Payment,
Peer,
SendCoinsResult,
+ SyncState,
Utxo,
WalletConfig,
WalletSummary,
@@ -138,18 +139,28 @@ export function useWalletInfo(walletId: number | null) {
return { info: query.data?.info ?? null, isLoading: query.isLoading, error: query.error };
}
+// The three reads below carry a `sync` block from the sidecar. An on-chain wallet serves the last
+// snapshot it managed to read and refreshes behind the response, so `isLoading` no longer means "we know
+// nothing" — after the first successful read it is never true again, and the honest signal for "these
+// numbers are old" or "we could not reach the chain" is `sync`, not the query state.
+
export function useBalances(walletId: number | null) {
const { get } = useClient();
const query = useQuery({
queryKey: [...ROOT_KEY, 'balances', walletId] as const,
- queryFn: () => get<{ balances: Balances }>(`${base(walletId!)}/balances`),
+ queryFn: () => get<{ balances: Balances; sync: SyncState | null }>(`${base(walletId!)}/balances`),
enabled: walletId != null,
refetchInterval: BALANCE_POLL_MS,
staleTime: BALANCE_POLL_MS - 1_000,
});
- return { balances: query.data?.balances ?? null, isLoading: query.isLoading, error: query.error };
+ return {
+ balances: query.data?.balances ?? null,
+ sync: query.data?.sync ?? null,
+ isLoading: query.isLoading,
+ error: query.error,
+ };
}
export function useTransactions(walletId: number | null, limit = 50) {
@@ -157,13 +168,19 @@ export function useTransactions(walletId: number | null, limit = 50) {
const query = useQuery({
queryKey: [...ROOT_KEY, 'transactions', walletId, limit] as const,
- queryFn: () => get<{ transactions: OnchainTx[] }>(`${base(walletId!)}/transactions?limit=${limit}`),
+ queryFn: () =>
+ get<{ transactions: OnchainTx[]; sync: SyncState | null }>(`${base(walletId!)}/transactions?limit=${limit}`),
enabled: walletId != null,
refetchInterval: HISTORY_POLL_MS,
staleTime: 15_000,
});
- return { transactions: query.data?.transactions ?? EMPTY_TXS, isLoading: query.isLoading, error: query.error };
+ return {
+ transactions: query.data?.transactions ?? EMPTY_TXS,
+ sync: query.data?.sync ?? null,
+ isLoading: query.isLoading,
+ error: query.error,
+ };
}
export function useUtxos(walletId: number | null, enabled = true) {
@@ -171,13 +188,18 @@ export function useUtxos(walletId: number | null, enabled = true) {
const query = useQuery({
queryKey: [...ROOT_KEY, 'utxos', walletId] as const,
- queryFn: () => get<{ utxos: Utxo[] }>(`${base(walletId!)}/utxos`),
+ queryFn: () => get<{ utxos: Utxo[]; sync: SyncState | null }>(`${base(walletId!)}/utxos`),
enabled: walletId != null && enabled,
refetchInterval: HISTORY_POLL_MS,
staleTime: 15_000,
});
- return { utxos: query.data?.utxos ?? EMPTY_UTXOS, isLoading: query.isLoading, error: query.error };
+ return {
+ utxos: query.data?.utxos ?? EMPTY_UTXOS,
+ sync: query.data?.sync ?? null,
+ isLoading: query.isLoading,
+ error: query.error,
+ };
}
export function useFees(walletId: number | null, enabled = true) {
@@ -472,7 +494,7 @@ export function useWalletOperations(walletId: number | null) {
* "[object Object]". Never called with anything that could contain a passphrase: the sidecar's error
* bodies are messages and codes only.
*/
-function errorMessage(err: unknown, fallback: string): string {
+export function errorMessage(err: unknown, fallback: string): string {
const raw = typeof err === 'object' && err !== null && 'message' in err ? String(err.message) : '';
if (!raw) return fallback;
try {